Fraud Forensic Accountant Glossary
Key legal and investigation terms for fraud forensic accounting proceedings.
Asset Tracing
The forensic process of following fraud proceeds through accounts, entities, and jurisdictions to identify recoverable property. Used in freezing injunctions, civil recovery, and POCA proceedings. Learn more →
Benefit from Criminal Conduct (POCA)
The total value of property obtained through criminal conduct, calculated on a gross proceeds basis for confiscation purposes under POCA Part 2.
Bribery Act 2010
Legislation criminalising bribery including the corporate offence of failure to prevent bribery (section 7). Central to SFO investigations and DPA negotiations.
CAMS (Certified Anti-Money Laundering Specialist)
ACAMS qualification for AML specialists, relevant for money laundering investigations and regulatory proceedings. Learn more →
CFE (Certified Fraud Examiner)
ACFE qualification covering fraud prevention, detection, and investigation. Primary credential for fraud forensic accountants. Learn more →
Civil Recovery Order (POCA Part 5)
High Court order for recovery of property obtained through unlawful conduct without requiring criminal conviction, decided on balance of probabilities. Learn more →
Confiscation Order (POCA Part 2)
Order following criminal conviction requiring payment of the lesser of benefit from criminal conduct and available assets. Learn more →
CPR Part 35
Civil Procedure Rules governing expert evidence in civil proceedings. Experts owe a primary duty to the court and must be independent and objective. Learn more →
Criminal Procedure Rules Part 33 (CrPR 33)
Rules governing expert evidence in criminal proceedings, requiring independence, objectivity, and declaration of duties to the court. Learn more →
Cryptoasset Recovery (POCA)
Part 5 POCA amended to allow civil recovery of crypto-assets as property obtained through unlawful conduct. Learn more →
DAML (Defence Against Money Laundering)
Consent application to the NCA when a regulated firm suspects funds in its possession are criminal proceeds.
Deferred Prosecution Agreement (DPA)
Agreement deferring corporate prosecution in exchange for cooperation, remediation, and financial settlement comprising disgorgement, penalty, and costs. Learn more →
Disgorgement
Recovery of net benefit obtained from misconduct, central to DPA financial settlements. Learn more →
Economic Crime and Corporate Transparency Act 2023 (ECCTA)
Legislation introducing the Failure to Prevent Fraud offence and corporate transparency reforms.
Failure to Prevent Fraud (FTPF)
Offence making large organisations criminally liable for employee fraud committed for organisational benefit, in force from 1 September 2025. Learn more →
FCA Enforcement
Financial Conduct Authority regulatory action including market abuse, insider dealing, and unauthorised financial promotions. Learn more →
Financial Statement Fraud
Intentional misstatement of accounts including revenue manipulation and concealed liabilities. Learn more →
Freezing Order (Mareva Injunction)
Court order preventing disposal of assets pending trial, requiring evidence of good arguable case and risk of dissipation. Learn more →
Interim Freezing Order (UWO)
Freezing order accompanying a UWO preventing disposal of specified property while the respondent provides explanations. Learn more →
Joint Statement (Expert Witnesses)
Document recording areas of agreement and disagreement between opposing experts, required in many civil and criminal cases.
Legal Professional Privilege (LPP)
Protection for confidential legal advice and litigation documents. Essential for internal investigations conducted via external counsel. Learn more →
Money Laundering (POCA ss327-329)
Offences of concealing, converting, transferring, and acquiring criminal property under POCA. Learn more →
Newton Hearing (POCA)
Judge-only hearing to determine disputed facts relevant to confiscation, including benefit and available assets.
Norwich Pharmacal Order
Order requiring third parties to disclose information identifying wrongdoers, used in fraud asset tracing. Learn more →
POCA 2002 (Proceeds of Crime Act)
Primary Legislation for criminal confiscation (Part 2) and civil recovery (Part 5) of proceeds of crime. Learn more →
Private Prosecution
Criminal proceedings brought by a private individual or entity when the state declines to prosecute. Learn more →
Restraint Order
Order freezing assets during criminal investigation before conviction, under POCA.
Section 2 Notice (SFO)
SFO compulsory notice requiring answers to questions or document production under the Criminal Justice Act 1987. Learn more →
Serious Fraud Office (SFO)
Agency investigating and prosecuting serious fraud, bribery, and corruption. Reinvigorated approach under Nick Ephgrave from 2025. Learn more →
Tainted Gift (POCA)
Gift of property representing criminal benefit, recoverable in confiscation proceedings.
The Ikarian Reefer Duties
Leading case establishing expert witness duties of independence, objectivity, and primary duty to the court in civil proceedings.
Unexplained Wealth Order (UWO)
High Court order requiring explanation of property worth over £50,000 where legitimate income is suspected insufficient. Learn more →
Whistleblower Incentive (HMRC Reward Scheme)
HMRC Strengthened Reward Scheme offering informants 15-30% of tax recovered over £1.5 million in serious cases.
White Collar Crime
Non-violent financial crime typically involving fraud, bribery, money laundering, and corporate misconduct.
Without Notice Application
Court application made without the respondent present, common for urgent freezing injunctions in fraud cases.
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